![]() On the other hand, the MB calyx in other insects such as the honeybee is connected with not only the OL and AL, but also the gustatory subesophageal zone (SEZ) 12, 13. In Drosophila, it has been reported that only the olfactory antennal lobe (AL) 10, 11 and visual optic lobe (OL) 8 are directly connected with the MB calyx where Kenyon cells receive sensory inputs. To resolve these discrepancies, which probably reflect the different fly backgrounds and behavioral paradigms tested, accumulation of anatomical knowledge is indispensable. Conversely, recent works based on the observation of flies in which neural transmission of Kenyon cells were blocked have shown that the MB is required for visual and gustatory learning 7, 8, 9. Instead of the MB, the central complex is suggested to be the site of the memory trace of visual patterns 5, 6. For example, flies in which postembryonic Kenyon cells were ablated by hydroxyurea showed normal visual, spatial, tactile and motor learning, but were defective in olfactory learning 4. In contrast, the contribution of the Drosophila MB to general learning and memory is under debate. Genetic manipulations of the MB intrinsic neurons called Kenyon cells in Drosophila have proved that the MB is an important site for olfactory learning and memory 1, 2, 3. The mushroom body (MB) is one of the prominent neuropils in the insect brain. ![]()
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